Monday, December 24, 2012

Mining the Archives: Mansur ibn Ilyas

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Mansur ibn Ilyas. Tashrih-i badan-i insan [Anatomy of the Human Body]. (Iran, 
ca. 1390).

No anatomical illustrations of the entire human body are preserved from the 
Islamic world before those which accompany the Persian treatise composed by 
Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn Ilyas, who came from a 
Persian family of scholars and physicians working in the city of Shiraz. His 
illustrated treatise, often called Mansur's Anatomy (Tashrih-i Mansur-i), was 
dedicated to the sultan Ziya' al-Din Pir Muhammad Bahadur, in all likelihood 
referring to Pir Muhammad ibn 'Umar ibn Timur, the ruler of the Persian 
province of Fars from 1394 to 1409 (797-811 H) and grandson of Timur, known 
to Europeans as Tamerlane.

The treatise consists of an introduction followed by five chapters on the five 
"systems" of the body: bones, nerves, muscles, veins, and arteries - each 
illustrated with a full-page diagram. The chapter on the skeleton was also 
illustrated with smaller diagrams of the cranial sutures and bones of the upper 
jaw with the positions of the teeth indicated. A concluding chapter on compound 
organs, such as the heart and brain, and on the formation of the foetus, was 
illustrated with a diagram showing a pregnant woman. The full-length 
illustrations (with the exception of the pregnant woman) have numerous labels 
in a mixture of Arabic and Persian. One of the two copies now at the National 
Library of Medicine is the earliest dated copy of Mansur ibn Ilyas's illustrated 
anatomy. It (MS P 18) was completed on 8 December 1488 (4 Muharram 894 
H) by a scribe named Hasan ibn Ahmad working in Isfahan. Whether the scribe 
also executed the illustrations as well as copying the accompanying text is 
unknown. The second copy at NLM (MS P 19) is undated and unsigned, but the 
nature of the paper, ink, and script suggests that it was executed in the late 
15th or very early 16th century, also in Iran.

Most of the illustrations that Mansur ibn Ilyas used to illustrate his treatise were 
not original with him. The origin of the anatomical series of full-length figures 
remains a puzzle, but it clearly predates the Persian treatise by Mansur ibn Ilyas 
written at the end of the 14th century. Historians have noted the similarity 
between the first five full-length illustrations and certain early Latin sets of 
anatomical diagrams. This similarity is particularly evident in the diagram of the 
skeleton which in both the Latin and Persian versions is viewed from behind, 
with the head hyperextended so that the face looks upward and with the palms 
of the hands facing towards the observer - a posture, some have noted, 
suggestive of a dissection table. All the figures are in a distinctive squatting 
posture. The earliest Latin version dates from the 12th century, yet the earliest 
Islamic version is represented by the NLM manuscript produced in 1488. We do 
not know in what form, nor by what means, these full-length anatomical 
diagrams of the five systems were available to Mansur ibn Ilyas. The sixth 
figure in the series of full-page illustrations, the pregnant woman, was possibly 
a contribution by Ibn Ilyas himself, who was particularly concerned in his 
treatise with Aristotelian and Galenic embryological theories and their 
interaction with the tradition of Prophetic medicine. It was constructed from the 
arterial figure, with the labels removed and superimposed with an oval gravid 
uterus having the foetus in a breech or transverse position. The accompanying 
text of Mansur ibn Ilyas's treatise, however, gives no evidence for or against 
the suggestion that the sixth figure was his invention, for in the text itself the 
figure of a pregnant woman is never mentioned. The only reference in Mansur 
ibn Ilyas's treatise to an illustration occurs in the chapter on the nervous 
system, where it is mentioned that pairs of nerves are to be designated by 
certain colours. Nowhere else in the treatise does Mansur ibn Ilyas even 
mention illustations accompanying his treatise.

Text by Emilie Savage-Smith, The Oriental Institute, University of Oxford.








1 comment:

  1. This was a fascinating post! Thanks for sharing it.

    I hope you and yours have a very lovely holiday season.

    ReplyDelete

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