.
Mansur ibn Ilyas. Tashrih-i badan-i insan [Anatomy of the Human Body]. (Iran,
ca. 1390).
No anatomical illustrations of the entire human body are preserved from the
Islamic world before those which accompany the Persian treatise composed by
Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn Ilyas, who came from a
Persian family of scholars and physicians working in the city of Shiraz. His
illustrated treatise, often called Mansur's Anatomy (Tashrih-i Mansur-i), was
dedicated to the sultan Ziya' al-Din Pir Muhammad Bahadur, in all likelihood
referring to Pir Muhammad ibn 'Umar ibn Timur, the ruler of the Persian
province of Fars from 1394 to 1409 (797-811 H) and grandson of Timur, known
to Europeans as Tamerlane.
The treatise consists of an introduction followed by five chapters on the five
"systems" of the body: bones, nerves, muscles, veins, and arteries - each
illustrated with a full-page diagram. The chapter on the skeleton was also
illustrated with smaller diagrams of the cranial sutures and bones of the upper
jaw with the positions of the teeth indicated. A concluding chapter on compound
organs, such as the heart and brain, and on the formation of the foetus, was
illustrated with a diagram showing a pregnant woman. The full-length
illustrations (with the exception of the pregnant woman) have numerous labels
in a mixture of Arabic and Persian. One of the two copies now at the National
Library of Medicine is the earliest dated copy of Mansur ibn Ilyas's illustrated
anatomy. It (MS P 18) was completed on 8 December 1488 (4 Muharram 894
H) by a scribe named Hasan ibn Ahmad working in Isfahan. Whether the scribe
also executed the illustrations as well as copying the accompanying text is
unknown. The second copy at NLM (MS P 19) is undated and unsigned, but the
nature of the paper, ink, and script suggests that it was executed in the late
15th or very early 16th century, also in Iran.
Most of the illustrations that Mansur ibn Ilyas used to illustrate his treatise were
not original with him. The origin of the anatomical series of full-length figures
remains a puzzle, but it clearly predates the Persian treatise by Mansur ibn Ilyas
written at the end of the 14th century. Historians have noted the similarity
between the first five full-length illustrations and certain early Latin sets of
anatomical diagrams. This similarity is particularly evident in the diagram of the
skeleton which in both the Latin and Persian versions is viewed from behind,
with the head hyperextended so that the face looks upward and with the palms
of the hands facing towards the observer - a posture, some have noted,
suggestive of a dissection table. All the figures are in a distinctive squatting
posture. The earliest Latin version dates from the 12th century, yet the earliest
Islamic version is represented by the NLM manuscript produced in 1488. We do
not know in what form, nor by what means, these full-length anatomical
diagrams of the five systems were available to Mansur ibn Ilyas. The sixth
figure in the series of full-page illustrations, the pregnant woman, was possibly
a contribution by Ibn Ilyas himself, who was particularly concerned in his
treatise with Aristotelian and Galenic embryological theories and their
interaction with the tradition of Prophetic medicine. It was constructed from the
arterial figure, with the labels removed and superimposed with an oval gravid
uterus having the foetus in a breech or transverse position. The accompanying
text of Mansur ibn Ilyas's treatise, however, gives no evidence for or against
the suggestion that the sixth figure was his invention, for in the text itself the
figure of a pregnant woman is never mentioned. The only reference in Mansur
ibn Ilyas's treatise to an illustration occurs in the chapter on the nervous
system, where it is mentioned that pairs of nerves are to be designated by
certain colours. Nowhere else in the treatise does Mansur ibn Ilyas even
mention illustations accompanying his treatise.
Text by Emilie Savage-Smith, The Oriental Institute, University of Oxford.
This was a fascinating post! Thanks for sharing it.
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